d:\step\good-doc\cyberspa\guide.61.txt

Obtained from ftp ftp.eit.com via anonymous ftp in
/pub/web.guide/guide.61/guide-61.txt

Also available in postscript form (guide.61.ps) and binhex
(guide.61.hqx)
========================================================


Entering the World-Wide Web: A Guide to Cyberspace

------------------------------------------------------
By Kevin Hughes
Enterprise Integration Technologies
May 1994
------------------------------------------------------


Table of Contents
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

* What is the World-Wide Web?
* What is hypertext and hypermedia?
* What is the Internet?
* How was the Web created?
* How popular is the Web?
  * A Case Study - Honolulu Community College
  * The Popularity of Other Web Sites
  * Who Travels the Web?
  * Why Is The Web So Popular?
* What does the Web look like?
* What is Mosaic?
* What can Mosaic do?
* What is available on the Web?
* How does the Web work?
  * HTML - The Hypertext Markup Language
  * About Uniform Resource Locators
* What software is available?
* How can I get more information?
  * Browsers Accessible by telnet
  * General Web Information
  * Information on HTML and HTTP
  * Information and Reports on Multimedia and Hypermedia
  * Obtaining Web Browsers and Servers
* Interesting Places on the Web
  * Commercial Sites
  * Country Sites
  * Educational Sites
  * Interactive Sites
  * Legal Information and Government Sites
  * Literature
  * Museums and Art
  * Music and Audio
  * Organizations
* Appendix A: A Hypermedia Timeline
* Index/Glossary

------------------------------------------------------

"The problem with the future is that it usually arrives before we're ready
for it."

Thanks go to Ken Hensarling and Evan Tector, who helped with the first
version in Hawaii, William Wong for EIT nitpicking, Roy Fielding for
tightening up my writing, and Tim Berners-Lee for clarifying that the
World-Wide Web is not the Internet!

Version 1.0: August 1993
Version 4.0: September 21, 1993
Version 5.0: October 9, 1993
Version 6.0: March 18, 1994
Version 6.1: May 20, 1994
Version 6.1 text-only: May 20, 1994

The opinions stated in this document are solely those of the author and do
not necessarily represent the views of Enterprise Integration Technologies.

This document is Copyright (c) 1994 by Kevin Hughes. It may be freely
distributed in any format as long as this disclaimer is included and the
textual and graphic contents are not altered. Text-only distribution is
permitted. A PostScript copy of this document can be obtained by FTP'ing to
ftp.eit.com. Log in as anonymous and go to the /pub/web.guide directory.
Comments, questions, corrections, and suggestions relating to this guide are
welcomed and can be sent to kevinh@eit.com.

Enterprise Integration Technologies
459 Hamilton Avenue
Palo Alto, CA 94301
Information: (415) 617-8000
Fax: (415) 617-8019
World-Wide Web: http://www.eit.com/

------------------------------------------------------


What is the World-Wide Web?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

For fifty years, people have dreamt of the concept of a universal database of
knowledge - information that would be accessible to people around the world
and link easily to other pieces of information so that any user could quickly
find the things most important to themselves. It was in the 1960's when this
idea was explored further, giving rise to visions of a "docuverse" that
people could swim through, revolutionizing all aspects of human-information
interaction. Only now has the technology caught up with these dreams, making
it possible to implement them on a global scale.

The World-Wide Web is officially described as a "wide-area hypermedia
information retrieval initiative aiming to give universal access to a large
universe of documents". What the World-Wide Web (WWW, W3) project has done is
provide users on computer networks with a consistent means to access a
variety of media in a simplified fashion. Using a popular software interface
to the Web called Mosaic, the Web project has changed the way people view and
create information - it has created the first true global hypermedia network.

The earliest visions of such systems had as their goal the advancement of
science and education. Although the World-Wide Web project has the potential
to make a significant impact in these areas, it is poised to revolutionize
many elements of society, including commerce, politics, and literature.


What is hypertext and hypermedia?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The operation of the Web relies mainly on hypertext as its means of
interacting with users. Hypertext is basically the same as regular text - it
can be stored, read, searched, or edited - with an important exception:
hypertext contains connections within the text to other documents.

For instance, suppose you were able to somehow select (with a mouse or with
your finger) the word "hypertext" in the sentence before this one. In a
hypertext system, you would then have one or more documents related to
hypertext appear before you - a history of hypertext, for example, or the
Webster's definition of hypertext. These new texts would themselves have
links and connections to other documents - continually selecting text would
take you on a free-associative tour of information. In this way, hypertext
links, called hyperlinks, can create a complex virtual web of connections.

  [image] Figure 1. How hypertext works.

Hypermedia is hypertext with a difference - hypermedia documents contain
links not only to other pieces of text, but also to other forms of media -
sounds, images, and movies. Images themselves can be selected to link to
sounds or documents. Hypermedia simply combines hypertext and multimedia.
Here are some simple examples of hypermedia:

     * You are reading a text on the Hawaiian language.
       You select a Hawaiian phrase, then hear the phrase as
       spoken in the native tongue.
       
     * You are a law student studying the California Revised
       Statutes. By selecting a passage, you find precedents
       from a 1920 Supreme Court ruling stored at Cornell.
       Cross-referenced hyperlinks allow you to view any one of
       520 related cases with audio annotations.

     * Looking at a company's floor plan, you are able to select
       an office by touching a room. The employee's name and picture
       appears with a list of their current projects.

     * You are a scientist doing work on the cooling of steel
       springs. By selecting text in a research paper, you are
       able to view a computer-generated movie of a cooling spring.
       By selecting a button you are able to receive a program which
       will perform thermodynamic calculations.
       
     * A student reading a digital version of an art magazine can
       select a work to print or display in full. Rotating movies of
       sculptures can be viewed. By interactively controlling the movie,
       the student can zoom in to see more detail.
       
The Web, although still in its infancy, has already enabled many of these
examples. It facilitates the easy exchange of hypermedia through networked
environments from anything as small as two Macintoshes connected together to
something as large as the global Internet.


What is the Internet?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The Internet is the catch-all word used to describe the massive world-wide
network of computers. The word "internet" literally means "network of
networks". In itself, the Internet is comprised of thousands of smaller
regional networks scattered throughout the globe. On any given day it
connects roughly 20 million users in over 50 countries. The World-Wide Web is
mostly used on the Internet; they do not mean the same thing. The Web refers
to a body of information - an abstract space of knowledge, while the Internet
refers to the physical side of the global network, a giant mass of cables and
computers.

  [image] Figure 2. The countries in black have Internet
                    connectivity. The number of people with Internet
                    access in these countries varies widely, however.
                    Countries in white may have access to email, local
                    isolated networks, or no connectivity at all.
                    Statistics available by FTP from ftp.cs.wisc.edu.

Nobody "owns" the Internet - although there are companies that help manage
different parts of the networks that tie everything together, there is no
single governing body that controls what happens on the Internet. The
networks within different countries are funded and managed locally according
to local policies.

Having access to the Internet usually means that one has access to a number
of basic services: electronic mail, interactive conferences, access to
information resources, network news, and the ability to transfer files.

The World-Wide Web uses the Internet to transmit hypermedia documents between
computer users internationally. Much in the same way, nobody "owns" the
World-Wide Web. People are responsible for the documents they author and make
available publicly on the Web. Via the Internet, hundreds of thousands of
people around the world are making information available from their homes,
schools, and workplaces.

It's possible to use World-Wide Web software without having to use the
Internet. But Internet access is necessary in order to make full use of and
participate in the World-Wide Web. To get more information on the Internet,
how to obtain Internet access, and how to use the Internet, see the section
"How can I get more information?"


How was the Web created?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The World-Wide Web began in March 1989, when Tim Berners-Lee of the European
Particle Physics Laboratory (known as CERN, a collective of European
high-energy physics researchers) proposed the project to be used as a means
of transporting research and ideas effectively throughout the organization.
Effective communications was a goal of CERN's for many years, as its members
were located in a number of countries.

The initial project proposal outlined a simple system of using networked
hypertext to transmit documents and communicate among members in the
high-energy physics community. There was no intention of adding sound or
video, and the capability to transmit images was not considered.

By the end of 1990, the first piece of Web software was introduced on a NeXT
machine. It had the capability to view and transmit hypertext documents to
other people on the Internet, and came with the capability to edit hypertext
documents on the screen. Demonstrations were given to CERN committees and
seminars, and a demonstration was given at the Hypertext '91 conference.

Throughout 1992 Tim continued to speak on and evangelize the project, as
small handfuls of developers began to volunteer their time into working on
small pieces of the World-Wide Web puzzle.

Since then hundreds of people throughout the world have contributed their
time writing Web software and documents or telling others about the Web. In a
way never envisioned by the original project group, the project has reached
global proportions. In the first four months of 1994 alone, the World-Wide
Web has been mentioned by CNN, the Wall Street Journal, the Economist,
Fortune magazine, the New York Times, and dozens of computer publications.


How popular is the Web?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

From January to December 1993, the amount of network traffic (in bytes)
across the National Science Foundation's (NSF's) North American network
attributed to Web use multiplied by 187 times. In December 1993 the Web was
ranked 11th of all network services in terms of sheer byte traffic - just
twelve months earlier, its rank was 127.

  [image] Figure 3. World-Wide Web growth. Statistics available
                    by FTP from nic.merit.edu.

In June 1993, Matthew Gray at MIT ran a small program which automatically
travels links within the Web network to try to determine just how many sites
there are that offer information over the World-Wide Web. His small
"World-Wide Web Wanderer" found around 100 sites that month and over two
hundred thousand documents. In March 1994 his robot found over 1,200 unique
sites. Even though the robot's programming was improved somewhat, and a
number of factors may have affected the final count, the growth rate of the
Web from the last half of 1993 throughout the first half of 1994 is amazing
and continues to increase.

Brian Pinkerton at the University of Washington has been maintaining a
similar program called the "WebCrawler". Its last run in mid-May 1994 found
over 3,800 unique Web sites.

Given that many sites are private (hidden behind corporate firewalls or not
connected to the public Internet), it can be safely stated that, as of May
1994, there are at least 4,500 hypertext Web servers in use throughout the
world.

Based on Web site statistics, estimates of the number of knowledgeable Web
users in the world has been as large as two million. However, considering the
number of hosts that frequent the most populated areas of the Web, it is safe
to say that there are around 250,000 to 500,000 current active Web users
today.


A Case Study - Honolulu Community College
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Honolulu Community College officially announced the opening of their
hypermedia site - the first Web site in Hawaii and the first hypermedia
campus-wide information system on the Web - at the end of May 1993. A campus
dinosaur exhibit, interactive map, movies, and publications were offered
there and immediately attracted an international audience.

By September of that year (after 105 days of service), they had received over
23,000 requests for documents and over 112,000 requests for graphics and
other media from nearly 5,000 separate hosts on the network. Today, the site
receives about 7,000 requests per day on average, a large majority of which
comes from outside Hawaii.

Since the site's opening, HCC has received virtual visitors from Xerox,
Digital Equipment Corporation, Apple Computer, Cray, IBM, MIT's Media Lab,
NEC, Sony, Fujitsu, Intel, Rockwell, Boeing, Honeywell, and AT&T (which has
been one of the most frequent visitors), among hundreds of other corporate
sites on the Internet.

Collegiate visitors have originated from campuses such as Stanford, Harvard,
Carnegie-Mellon, Cornell, MIT, Michigan State, Rutgers, Purdue, Rice, Georgia
Tech, Columbia, University of Texas, and Washington University, as well as
other campuses in the United Kingdom, Germany, and Denmark, to name but a
few.

Governmental visitors have come from various departments in NASA, including
their Jet Propulsion Laboratories, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories,
the National Institute of Health, the Superconducting Supercollider project,
and the USDA, as well as government sites in Singapore and Australia. A few
dozen Army and Navy sites throughout the world also visited the site.

Because HCC's service began operation when there were relatively few such
sites in the world, and in part due to its popularity, their growth in
traffic has closely reflected the growth of the Web.


The Popularity of Other Web Sites
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The Global Network Navigator is an electronic magazine published by O'Reilly
and Associates over the World-Wide Web. It offers news, a calendar of
Internet events, and a virtual marketplace in which companies can advertise
their services. It has roughly 12,000 registered subscribers and receives
about 150,000 to 200,000 requests for documents and media per week from
people all over the Internet.

Perhaps the best example of the growth in Web usage can be seen at the
National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA). The NCSA produces a
number of popular software products for World-Wide Web use and their Web site
is used as documentation for their products as well as a repository for
announcements of new events on the Web. In July 1993 NCSA's site received
roughly 100,000 requests per week. Currently it receives at least one million
requests per week and its traffic continues to increase.


Who Travels the Web?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

An informal comparison of host statistics from 15 government, research,
educational, and corporate Web sites in March 1994 shows that the people
roaming the World-Wide Web follow the makeup of the Internet fairly well.

Shown are the top five Web users by domain and the average percentage of
total hosts each Web site received. Next to these statistics is the estimated
percentage of total hosts on the Internet for these domains.

Table 1: Top Five World-Wide Web Users, by Domain
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Domain                   Percent of Web Traffic   Percent of Internet Hosts*
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
U.S. Educational (.edu)           49%                       27%

U.S. Commercial (.com)            20%                       26%

U.S. Government (.gov)             9%                        6%

United Kingdom (.uk)               7%                        5%

Canada (.ca)                       5%                        4%
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

* From January 1994 Stanford Research Institute (SRI International)
  statistics, available by FTP from nic.merit.edu.
  
In January 1994, James Pitkow (pitkow@cc.gatech.edu) and Mimi Recker at the
Georgia Institute of Technology held the first World-Wide Web user survey.
Out of 1,300 valid responses, the results indicated the following statistics
about the respondents:

     * 56% were between the ages of 21 and 30,

     * 94% were male,

     * 69% were located in North America, and

     * 45% described themselves as professionals and 
       22% as graduate students.

Although it is impossible to know for sure, it can be guessed that 
the largest segment roaming the World-Wide Web consists of 
four-year campus populations within the United States.


Why Is The Web So Popular?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The Web offers a very simple-to-use interface to the traditionally
hard-to-master resources on the Internet. It is probably this ease of use as
well as the popularity of many graphical interfaces to the Web that caused
the explosion of Web traffic in 1993.

The potential of using networked hypertext and multimedia has prompted many
users to create and explore countless innovative applications on the
Internet. It is perhaps no surprise that more educational users are on the
Web than would be expected.


What does the Web look like?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The World-Wide Web exists virtually - there is no standard way of viewing it
or navigating around it. However, many software interfaces to the Web have
similar functions and generally work the same way no matter what computer or
type of display is used. In fact, many users navigate around the Web using
text-only interfaces and are able to see all of the textual information a
user with a graphic display would.

Below is a picture of the typical graphical World-Wide Web interface that you
would see on a computer screen. It may be black or white or in color. In this
example the interface - called a Web browser - works in a window and may be a
software program on any computer with a graphic interface, such as a
Macintosh or an IBM-compatible computer with Microsoft Windows.

  [image] Figure 4. A typical Web browser for a graphic
                    user interface.

The browser has a menu bar on top, where the user can quit, get help on using
the program, and change certain display characteristics such as the screen
font size, the background color, etc.

A scroll bar allows the user to scroll the document page up and down. Because
there is no limit to how wide or small a hypermedia document can be, scroll
bars are often needed in case the document is larger than the viewing window.

Although there are many different ways to represent a document on the screen,
it is often called a page. Usually, those responsible for creating a given
collection of interrelated documents also create a special document which is
intended to be viewed first - one that contains introductory information
and/or a master menu of documents within that collection. This type of
document is called a home page and is generally associated with a particular
site, person, or named collection. The example shows the Flower Shop's home
page.

This document has a picture of a flower, text in a bold font ("Welcome to the
Flower Shop!") and hypertext in which a single word is underlined. This word
("link") is a hyperlink (or link) - typically, clicking on it with a mouse
will cause another document to appear on the screen, which may hold more
images and hyperlinks to other places. There is no one way to represent text
that is linked to other things - some browsers underline, others use special
colors, and many give the user a variety of options.

Images such as the flower picture which are part of the document and are
displayed within the page are called inline images.

Often users create their own personal documents with collections of their
favorite links or biographical information and make them publicly available.
Although these pages are also called home pages (they are a virtual "home"
for the user), they may be called "personal pages" or "hyplans" (hypermedia
plans).

At the bottom of the screen is a set of navigation buttons - because a user
might go to many different screens by selecting links in hypertext, there
needs to be some method of retracing one's steps and reviewing the documents
that have been explored. The back button shows the previously viewed
document. The forward button would show the pages in the order the user
previously viewed them.

An open button allows the user to connect to other documents and networked
resources by specifying the address of the document or resource to connect
to. The user might be able to connect to a document stored locally on the
same machine being used or one stored somewhere in another country.
Typically, such a document would be transferred over the Internet in its
entirety.

The print button allows the user to print out the document seen on the
screen. The user may be given the choice of printing the document with images
and formatting as seen on the screen or as a text-only document.

The page lists an email address - webmaster@flowers.com. A convention on the
Web is to name the person in charge of administrating a World-Wide Web site a
"webmaster" - any problems with the hyperlinks, images, documents, or
questions about the site should be mailed to a webmaster address.


What is Mosaic?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Months after CERN's original proposal, the National Center for Supercomputing
Applications (NCSA) began a project to create an interface to the World-Wide
Web. One of NCSA's missions is to aid the scientific research community by
producing widely available, non-commercial software. Another of its goals is
to investigate new research technologies in the hope that commercial
interests will be able to profit from them. In these ways, the Web project
was quite appropriate. The NCSA's Software Design Group began work on a
versatile, multi-platform interface to the World-Wide Web, and called it
Mosaic.

In the first half of 1993, the first version of NCSA's Web browser was made
available to the Internet community. Because earlier beta versions were
distributed, Mosaic had developed a strong following by the time it was
officially released. Because it allowed documents with images to be viewed
and new media formats such as video and sound to be transferred over the
Internet and pointed to by documents, it became the Web browser of choice for
those working on computers with graphics capability. In 1993 NCSA's Mosaic
products won the Internet Multicasting Service's yearly Ima award for the
Most Innovative Application and the InfoWorld Industry Achievement award.

Because of the number of traditional services it could handle, and due to its
easy, point-and-click hypermedia interface, Mosaic soon became the most
popular interface to the Web. Currently versions of Mosaic can run on
UNIX-based machines such as Sun, Silicon Graphics, and DEC workstations as
well as IBM-compatibles running Microsoft Windows and Macintosh computers.

  [image] Figure 5. NCSA's Mosaic for X Windows.


What can Mosaic do?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Mosaic has the following features:

     * A consistent mouse-driven graphical interface.

     * The ability to display hypertext and hypermedia 
       documents.

     * The ability to display electronic text in a variety of 
       fonts.

     * The ability to display text in bold, italic, or 
       strikethrough styles.

     * The ability to display layout elements such as 
       paragraphs, lists, numbered and bulleted lists, and 
       quoted paragraphs.

     * Support for sounds (Macintosh, Sun audio format, 
       and others).

     * Support for movies (MPEG-1 and QuickTime).

     * The ability to display characters as defined in the 
       ISO 8859 set (it can display languages such as 
       French, German, and Spanish).

     * Interactive electronic forms support, with a variety of 
       basic forms elements, such as fields, check boxes, 
       and radio buttons.

     * Support for interactive graphics (in GIF or XBM 
       format) of up to 256 colors within documents.

     * The ability to make basic hypermedia links to and 
       support for the following network services: FTP, 
       gopher, telnet, NNTP, WAIS.

     * The ability to extend its functionality by creating 
       custom scripts (comparable to XCMDs in HyperCard 
       on Macintosh computers).

     * The ability to have other applications control its 
       display remotely.

     * The ability to broadcast its contents to a network of 
       users running multiplatform groupware such as 
       NCSA's Collage.

     * Support for the current standards of HTTP and 
       HTML.

     * The ability to keep a history of travelled hyperlinks.

     * The ability to store and retrieve a list of viewed 
       documents for future use.


What is available on the Web?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Currently the Web offers the following through a hypertext, and in some
cases, hypermedia interface:

     * Anything served through Gopher

     * Anything served through WAIS (Wide-Area 
       Information Servers)

     * Anything served through anonymous FTP sites

     * Full Archie services (a FTP search service)

     * Full Veronica services (a Gopher search service)

     * Full CSO, X.500, and whois services (Internet phone 
       book services) 

     * Full finger services (an Internet user lookup 
       program) 

     * Anything on Usenet 

     * Anything accessible through telnet 

     * Anything in hytelnet (a hypertext interface to telnet) 

     * Anything in techinfo or texinfo (forms of campus-
       wide information services) 

     * Anything in hyper-g (a networked hypertext system 
       in use throughout Europe) 

     * Anything in the form of man pages 

     * HTML-formatted hypertext and hypermedia 
       documents 


How does the Web work?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Web software is designed around a distributed client-server architecture. A
Web client (called a Web browser if it is intended for interactive use) is a
program which can send requests for documents to any Web server. A Web server
is a program that, upon receipt of a request, sends the document requested
(or an error message if appropriate) back to the requesting client. Using a
distributed architecture means that a client program may be running on a
completely separate machine from that of the server, possibly in another room
or even in another country. Because the task of document storage is left to
the server and the task of document presentation is left to the client, each
program can concentrate on those duties and progress independently of each
other.

Because servers usually operate only when documents are requested, they put a
minimal amount of workload on the computers they run on.

Here's an example of how the process works:

1.	 Running a Web client, the user selects a hyperlink
     in a piece of hypertext connecting to another document
     - "The History of Computers", for example.
     
2.	 The Web client uses the address associated with that
     hyperlink to connect to the Web server at a specified
     network address and asks for the document associated
     with "The History of Computers". 
     
3.	 The server responds by sending the text and any other
     media within that text (pictures, sounds, or movies)
     to the client, which the client then renders for
     presentation on the user's screen.

  [image] Figure 6. A typical transaction between Web
                    servers and clients.
     
The World-Wide Web is composed of thousands of these virtual transactions
taking place per hour throughout the world, creating a web of information
flow.

Future Web servers will include encryption and client authentication
abilities - they will be able to send and receive secure data and be more
selective as to which clients receive information. This will allow freer
communications among Web users and will ensure that sensitive data is kept
private. It will be harder to compromise the security of commercial servers
and educational servers which wish to keep information local. Improvements in
security will facilitate the idea of "pay-per-view" hypermedia, a concept
which many commercial interests are pursuing.

The language that Web clients and servers use to communicate with each other
is called the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). All Web clients and servers
must be able to speak HTTP in order to send and receive hypermedia documents.
For this reason, Web servers are often called HTTP servers.

The phrase "World-Wide Web" is often used to refer to the collective network
of servers speaking HTTP as well as the global body of information available
using the protocol.


HTML - The Hypertext Markup Language
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The standard language the Web uses for creating and recognizing hypermedia
documents is the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). It is loosely related to,
but technically not a subset of, the Standard Generalized Markup Language
(SGML), a method of representing document formatting languages. Languages
such as HTML which follow the SGML format allow document writers to separate
information from document presentation - that is, documents containing the
same information can be presented in a number of different ways. Users have
the option of controlling visual elements such as fonts, font size and
paragraph spacing without changing the original information.

HTML is widely praised for its ease of use. Web documents are typically
written in HTML and are usually named with the suffix ".html". HTML documents
are nothing more than standard 7-bit ASCII files with formatting codes that
contain information about layout (text styles, document titles, paragraphs,
lists) and hyperlinks.

Free conversion software is available for translating documents from many
other formats into HTML. Filters exist that can convert files in RTF (Rich
Text Format), WordPerfect and FrameMaker as well as man pages, mail archives,
and text-only documents.

The current HTML standard supports basic hypermedia document creation and
layout, but is limited in its capability to support many complex layout
techniques found in traditional document publishing. A new version of HTML,
called HTML+, is under development and should be completed by the end of
1994. When completed, HTML+ will be backwards compatible with HTML and will
support interactive forms, defined "hot spots" in images, more versatile
layout and formatting options and styles, and formatted tables.

  [image] Figure 7. HTML-formatted documents allow images
                    and hyperlinks to be displayed in documents.


About Uniform Resource Locators
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The World-Wide Web uses what are called Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) to
represent hypermedia links and links to network services within HTML
documents. It is possible to represent nearly any file or service on the
Internet with a URL.

The first part of the URL (before the two slashes) specifies the method of
access. The second is typically the address of the computer the data or
service is located. Further parts may specify the names of files, the port to
connect to, or the text to search for in a database. A URL is always a single
unbroken line with no spaces.

Sites that run World-Wide Web servers are typically named with a www at the
beginning of the network address.

Here are some examples of URLs:

     * file://www.hcc.hawaii.edu/sound.au - 
       Retrieves a sound file and plays it.

     * file://www.eit.com/picture.gif - 
       Retrieves a picture and displays it, either in a 
       separate program or within a hypermedia document. 

     * file://www.eff.org/directory/ - Displays a 
       directory's contents. 

     * http://www.hcc.hawaii.edu/directory/
       book.html - Connects to an HTTP server and 
       retrieves an HTML file.

     * ftp://www.xerox.com/pub/file.txt - 
       Opens an FTP connection to www.xerox.com and 
       retrieves a text file.

     * gopher://www.hcc.hawaii.edu - Connects to 
       the Gopher at www.hcc.hawaii.edu.

     * telnet://www.hcc.hawaii.edu:1234 - 
       Telnets to www.hcc.hawaii.edu at port 1234.

     * news:alt.hypertext - Reads the latest Usenet 
       news by connecting to a user-specified news 
       (NNTP) host and returns the articles in the 
       alt.hypertext newsgroup in hypermedia format.

Most Web browsers allow the user to specify a URL and connect to that
document or service. When selecting hypertext in an HTML document, the user
is actually sending a request to open a URL. In this way, hyperlinks can be
made not only to other texts and media, but also to other network services.
Web browsers are not simply Web clients, but are also full-featured FTP,
Gopher, and telnet clients.

HTML+ will include an email URL, so hyperlinks can be made to send email
automatically. For instance, selecting an email address in a piece of
hypertext would open a mail program, ready to send email to that address.


What software is available?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

World-Wide Web clients (browsers) are available for the following platforms
and environments:

* Text-only browsers:

     * Dumb terminal, nearly any UNIX platform
     
     * Text-only using curses (vt100 emulation), for SunOS 4.1.x,
       IBM AIX, DEC OSF/1, DEC Ultrix, and VAX Multinet.
       
     * Macintosh text-only, for Mac SE's and above with System 7.x.

     * Browsers written in perl are available.
     
     * Browsers written for the emacs environment are available.

* Browsers with graphical interfaces:

     * Sun 4/Sun OS 4.1.x
     
     * Silicon Graphics IRIX 4.x
     
     * VMS
     
     * Linux
     
     * DEC MIPS Ultrix, DEC Alpha AXP, OSF/1
     
     * IBM RS/6000, AIX 3.2
     
     * HP 9000/700, HP/UX 9.x
     
     * NeXT, NeXTStep 3.0
     
     * Commodore Amiga, AmigaOS 3.0
     
     * IBM compatibles, 80386 and above with 4 MB RAM,
       under Windows 3.1 in enhanced mode
       
     * Macintosh computers, System 7.x, 68020 and above or
       Power Macintosh.

World-Wide Web servers are available for the following platforms and
environments:

     * Most flavors of UNIX
     
     * HP, SGI, and SUN systems
     
     * DEC MIPS Ultrix, DEC Alpha AXP
     
     * Perl
     
     * Macintosh, 68020 or better, Power Macintosh, System 7.x
     
     * NeXTStep
     
     * VM, VM/CMS, VM/XA, VMS
     
     * Windows 3.1 and Windows NT
     
For details on how to obtain Web client and server software, refer to the
next section "How can I get more information?"


How can I get more information?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Most of this information is available on the Internet. In order to access
resources specified by a URL, you may need to use a Web browser or connect to
a telnet site that provides a public-access browser. Enter the URL as one
unbroken line without spaces or carriage returns.

The best way to get general information on the Web without a browser is to
telnet info.cern.ch or gopher info.cern.ch. Information on how to obtain
software can also be found there.

If you don't know how to use FTP, Gopher, or telnet, there are dozens of good
books available on how to get on and use the Internet. Although there are too
many introductory books to list, here are a few mentioned by the Unofficial
Internet Book List (to receive the list, send email to savetz@rahul.net).

The Internet Guide for New Users
  Daniel P. Dern, McGraw-Hill, ISBN: 0-07-016511 (paperback)

The Internet Starter Kit for the Macintosh
  Adam Engst, Hayden Books, ISBN: 1-56830-064-6

The Internet Unleashed
  Martin Moore, others, Sams Publishing, ISBN: 0-672-30466-X

PC Internet Tour Guide
  Michael Fraase, Ventana Press, ISBN: 1-56604-084-1

The Whole Internet User's Guide and Catalog
  Ed Krol, O'Reilly and Associates, ISBN: 1-56592-025-2

Zen and the Art of Internet
  Brendan Kehoe, Prentice Hall, ISBN: 0-13-010778-6


Browsers Accessible by telnet
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

This list is from the comprehensive list of telnet-accessible clients at
http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/FAQ/Bootstrap.html:

telnet info.cern.ch (or telnet 128.141.201.74)

  This is CERN's text-only Web browser. The site is in Geneva,
  Switzerland.
  
telnet ukanaix.cc.ukans.edu

  This University of Kansas site uses the text-only Lynx
  browser, which works best on terminals with vt100 emulation.
  Log in as www.

telnet www.njit.edu

  Log in as www. This is the New Jersey Institute of Technology's
  text-only browser.

telnet vms.huji.ac.il (or telnet 128.139.4.3)

  This text-only browser at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem
  in Israel works off a dual-language Hebrew/English database.

telnet sun.uakom.cs

  This site in Slovakia has a slow connection and should be used
  locally only.

telnet fserv.kfki.hu

  This site in Hungary has a slow connection and should be used
  locally only. Log in as www.

telnet info.funet.fi (or telnet 128.214.6.100)

  This site is in Finland.


General Web Information
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Main CERN World-Wide Web page

  http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html

Main NCSA Mosaic page

  http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/SDG/Software/Mosaic/Docs/mosaic-docs.html

Information on WWW

  http://www.bsdi.com/server/doc/web-info.html

A list of World-Wide Web clients at CERN

  http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/Clients.html

The "official" list of World-Wide Web servers at CERN

  http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/DataSources/WWW/Servers.html

The comp.infosystems.www FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) file

  http://siva.cshl.org/~boutell/www_faq.html


Usenet Newsgroups
-----------------

For general discussion:

  comp.infosystems.www

For announcements:

  comp.infosystems.announce

Other Web-related newsgroups:

  http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/Newsgroups.html


Mailing Lists
-------------

For general discussion and announcements:

  send email to listserv@info.cern.ch, with
  "subscribe www-announce your name" as the body.

For developers and technical discussion:

  send email to listserv@info.cern.ch, with
  "subscribe www-talk your name" as the body.
  Hypertext archives are available at
  http://gummo.stanford.edu/html/hypermail/archives.html.

For HTML-related discussion:

  send email to listserv@info.cern.ch, with
  "subscribe www-html your name" as the body.

Other lists at CERN:

  http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/Administration/Mailing/Overview.html

World-Wide Web courseware:

  send email to www-courseware-request@eit.com, with
  "subscribe" as the body.
  Hypertext archives are available at
  http://www.eit.com/mailinglists/www-courseware/www-courseware.index.html.

World-Wide Web literature:

  send email to www-literature-request@eit.com, with
  "subscribe" as the body. Hypertext archives are available at
  http://www.eit.com/mailinglists/www-literature/www-literature.index.html.

World-Wide Web library resource management:

  send email to listserv@library.berkeley.edu, with
  "SUB Web4Lib your name" as the body.


Local groups
------------

The Austin, Texas World-Wide Web Users' Group (AWWWUG) - send email to
combs.quadralay.com for information.

The World-Wide Web Special Interest Group (SIGWEB), located in California.
Email mcrae@ora.com for information.


Lists of tools and convertors
-----------------------------

  http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/Tools/Overview.html

  http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/SDG/Software/Mosaic/Docs/faq-software.html


How to write Web gateways and servers
-------------------------------------

  http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/Daemon/Overview.html


Information on HTML and HTTP
----------------------------

How to write HTML

  http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/General/Internet/WWW/HTMLPrimer.html

HTML Tutorials

  http://curia.ucc.ie/info/net/htmldoc.html

  http://fire.clarkson.edu/doc/html/htut.html

HTML Style Guides

  http://www.willamette.edu/html-composition/strict-html.html

  http://bookweb.cwis.uci.edu:8042/Staff/StyleGuide.html

  http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/Provider/Style/Overview.html

HTML FAQ

  http://www.umcc.umich.edu/~ec/www/html_faq.html

HTML Quick Reference

  http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/General/Internet/WWW/HTMLQuickRef.html

HTML official specifications

  http://info.cern.ch/pub/www/doc/html-spec.multi

The Annotated HTML DTD (Document Type Definition)

  http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/MarkUp/HTML.dtd.html

HTML+ DTD

  ftp://15.254.100.100/pub/htmlplus.dtd.txt

The Latest HTML+ Draft

  ftp://ds.internic.net/internet-drafts/draft-raggett-www-html-00.*

HTTP Specifications

  http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/Protocols/HTTP/HTTP2.html


Information and Reports on Multimedia and Hypermedia
----------------------------------------------------

Index to multimedia resources

  http://cui_www.unige.ch/Chloe/MultimediaInfo/index.html

SIGLINK Newsletter

  http://www.cs.bgsu.edu/SIGLINK/HomePage.html

"State of the Art Review on Hypermedia Issues And Applications", March 1994

  http://www.csi.uottowa.ca/~dduchier/misc/hypertext_review/

"Computer Supported Cooperative Work Report", July 1993

  ftp gorgon.tft.tele.no, in directory /pub/groupware

  This is a comprehensive list of all known collaborative
  software packages and projects currently in use or under
  development.

"Network Access to Multimedia Information", June 1993

  ftp ftp.ed.ac.uk, in directory /pub/mmaccess

  This report summarizes the requirements of academic
  and research users for network access to multimedia
  information.

"Hypermedia and Higher Education", April 1993

  gopher lewsun.idlw.ucl.ac.be, the /digests/IPCT menu.

  IPCT, Interpersonal Computing and Technology, is an excellent
  journal exploring the boundaries of education and high technology.

alt.hypertext Frequently Asked Questions list

  This list contains dozens of pointers to mailing lists,
  people, Internet sites, groups, books, periodicals, bibliographies,
  and software related to hypertext.

 The new FAQ is still under construction. For more details,
 email dhirmes@hamp.hampshire.edu.


Obtaining Web Browsers and Servers
----------------------------------

ftp info.cern.ch, in directory /pub/www

  CERN's simple text-only browser, as well as the CERN HTTP server.

ftp ftp2.cc.ukans.edu, in directory /pub/WWW/lynx

  Distribution for Lynx, a text-only browser.

ftp ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu, in directory /Mosaic

  Mosaic distribution, as well as the NCSA HTTPD server. This site contains the
  Mosaic browser for Macintosh, Windows, and X.

ftp ftp.law.cornell.edu, in /pub/LII/Cello/

  Distribution for Cello, a Windows browser.

ftp max.physics.sunysb.edu, in /pub/amosaic

  Distribution for Amiga Mosaic browser.

ftp ftp.omnigroup.com, in /pub/software/

  Distribution for OmniWeb, a NeXTStep browser that does not require X Windows.

ftp ftp.cs.unlv.edu, in /pub/chimera

  Distribution for Chimera, a simple browser for X Windows.

ftp oac.hsc.uth.tmc.edu, in /public/mac/MacHTTP/

  Distribution for MacHTTP, a Macintosh WWW server.

gopher hopf.math.nwu.edu

  Distribution for GN, an HTTP server that acts as a Gopher server and a
  World-Wide Web server simultaneously.

ftp austin.bsdi.com, in /plexus

  Distribution for Plexus, a perl-based WWW server.

ftp emwac.ed.ac.uk, in /pub/https

  Distribution for HTTPS, a Windows NT server.

A more extensive list of browsers can be found at
http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/Clients.html, and a list of servers can be
found at http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/Daemon/Overview.html.


Interesting Places on the Web
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

NCSA's Demonstration Page

  http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/demoweb/demo.html

Internet Resources Meta-Index

  http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/SDG/Software/Mosaic/MetaIndex.html

Internet Resources List

  http://www.eit.com/web/netservices.html


Commercial Sites
----------------

Wired Magazine

  http://wired.com/

MTV

  http://mtv.com/

CommerceNet

  http://www.commerce.net/

Global Network Navigator

  http://nearnet.gnn.com/GNN-ORA.html

Silicon Graphics

  http://www.sgi.com/

KKSF-FM Radio

  http://kksf.tbo.com/


Country Sites
-------------

Guide to Australia

  http://life.anu.edu.au/education/australia.html

U.K. and Ireland Web Sites

  http://www.cs.ucl.ac.uk/misc/uk/intro.html

Spain Web Sites

  http://www.uji.es/spain_www.html


Educational Sites
-----------------

Honolulu Community College

  http://www.hcc.hawaii.edu/

La Trobe University, Australia

  http://www.latrobe.edu.au/

The University of Notre Dame

  http://www.nd.edu/

The Chinese University of Hong Kong

  http://www.cuhk.hk/


Interactive Sites
-----------------

Michigan State University Weather Movies

  http://rs560.cl.msu.edu/weather

Xerox PARC (Palo Alto Research Center) Interactive Map

  http://pubweb.parc.xerox.com:80/

Interactive Geographical Index

  http://www.hcc.hawaii.edu/htbin/plotd

Interactive World Map Interface

  http://wings.buffalo.edu/world

Live Television Sources and Games at MIT

  http://tns-www.lcs.mit.edu/vs/demos.html


Legal Information and Government Sites
--------------------------------------

Legal Information at Cornell

  http://www.law.cornell.edu/lii.table.html

U. S. Bureau of the Census

  http://www.census.gov/

U.S. Department of Commerce

  http://www.doc.gov/

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

  http://hypatia.gsfc.nasa.gov/NASA_homepage.html

The City of Palo Alto, CA

  http://www.city.palo-alto.ca.us/home.html


Literature
----------

English Server at Carnegie-Mellon

  http://english-server.hss.cmu.edu/

Internet Book Information Center

  http://sunsite.unc.edu/ibic/IBIC-homepage.html


Museums and Art
---------------

San Francisco's Exploratorium

  http://www.exploratorium.edu/

The Krannert Art Museum

  http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/General/UIUC/KrannertArtMuseum/KrannertArtHome.html

University of California Museum of Paleontology

  http://ucmp1.berkeley.edu/

EXPO

  http://sunsite.unc.edu/expo/ticket_office.html

Collaborative Art

  http://cui_www.unige.ch/Chloe/OtisCrosswire/

International Interactive Genetic Art

  http://porsche.boltz.cs.cmu.edu:8001/htbin/mjwgenform


Music and Audio
---------------

Internet Music Resources

  http://www.music.indiana.edu/misc/music_resources.html

Internet Underground Music Archives

  http://sunsite.unc.edu/ianc/index.html

Internet Talk Radio

  http://www.cmf.nrl.navy.mil/radio/radio.html


Organizations
-------------

Electronic Frontier Foundation

  http://www.eff.org/

The Association for Computing Machinery

  http://info.acm.org/

The World Health Organization

  http://www.who.ch/


Appendix A: A Hypermedia Timeline
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

1945

Vannevar Bush (The Science Advisor to President Roosevelt during World War
II) proposes MEMEX, a conceptual machine that can store vast amounts of
information, in which users have the ability to create information trails,
links of related texts and illustrations, which can be stored and used for
future reference. 

1965

Ted Nelson coins the word "hypertext".

1967

Andy van Dam and others build the Hypertext Editing System. 

1968

Doug Engelbart demonstrates NLS, a hypertext system. 

1975

ZOG (now KMS), a distributed hypermedia system, debuts at Carnegie-Mellon. 

1978

The Aspen Movie Map, the first hypermedia videodisc, demonstrated by MIT's
Architecture Machine Group. 

1981

Ted Nelson conceptualizes "Xanadu", a central, pay-per-document hypertext
database encompassing all written information. Read the Xanadu FAQ at
http://jolt.mpx.com.au:70/0h/faq.html.

1984

Telos introduces Filevision, a hypermedia database for the Macintosh.

1985

Janet Walker creates the Symbolics Document Examiner.

1985 

Intermedia, a hypermedia system, is conceived at Brown University by Norman
Meyrowitz and others. 

1986 

OWL introduces GUIDE, a hypermedia document browser. 

1987

Apple Computers introduces HyperCard, the first widely available personal
hypermedia authoring system. 

1987

The Hypertext '87 Workshop is held in North Carolina.

1989

Autodesk, a major CAD software manufacturer, takes on Xanadu as a project.

1989

Tim Berners-Lee proposes the World-Wide Web project. 

1990

ECHT (European Conference on Hypertext). 

1992

Autodesk drops the Xanadu project. 

1993

A Hard Day's Night becomes the first full-length movie to be transcribed into
a hypertext format and distributed via compact disc.

April 1993

International Workshop on Hypermedia and Hypertext Standards, Amsterdam.

June 1993

NCSA Mosaic 1.0 for X Windows released by the National Center for
Supercomputing Applications.

August 1993

First World-Wide Web developers' conference in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

November 1993

Hypertext Conference in Seattle, Washington. Ted Nelson speaks as the guest
of honor.

March 1994

World-Wide Web byte traffic surpasses Gopher traffic on the NSFnet.

May 1994

First International World-Wide Web Conference in Geneva.

Jim Clark and Marc Andreessen form Mosaic Communications Corporation.

June 1994

World Conference on Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia in Vancouver,
Canada.

For information email aace@virginia.edu.

September 1994

European Conference on Hypermedia Technology in Edinburgh, Scotland.

For information email echt94@inesc.pt.


Index/Glossary
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

A

Archie

  A network service that searches FTP sites for files.

B

browser

  Software that provides an interface to the World-Wide Web.

C

CERN

  The European collective of high-energy physics researchers (European
  Organization for Nuclear Research).

client

  A computer or program requests a service of another computer or program.

client-server architecture

  A structure in which programs use and provide distributed services.

CSO

  Central Services Organization. A service which facilitates user and address
  lookup in databases.

D

Doug Engelbart

  The inventor of many common devices and ideas used in computing today,
  including the mouse.

F

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

  A common method of transferring files across networks.

finger

  A service that responds to queries and retrieves user information remotely.

G

Gopher

  A versatile menu-driven information service.

Graphics Interchange Format (GIF)

  A commonly used graphics format which compresses the image and stores color
  information within the file.

H

home page

  The default document World-Wide Web users see when connecting to a Web server
  for the first time.

HTML+

  The latest version of HTML.

HyperCard

  A personal hypermedia/multimedia creation system for use on Apple Computers.

hyper-g

  A distributed hypertext system mostly popular in Europe.

hyperlink

  A connection between hypermedia or hypertext documents and other media.

hypermedia

  Hypertext that includes or links to other forms of media.

hypertext

  Text that, when selected, has the ability to present connected documents.

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

  The standard language used for creating hypermedia documents within the
  World-Wide Web.

Hypertext Transmission Protocol (HTTP)

  The standard language that World-Wide Web clients and servers use to
  communicate.

hytelnet

  A hypertext interface to telnet.

I

inline image

  A graphic within a hypermedia document that is displayed on the same page as
  text.

Internet

  The global collective of computer networks.

ISO 8859

  A character set defined by international standards that includes accented
  letters and symbols.

M

man page

  Manual page. Online documentation that commonly comes bundled with computers
  running the UNIX operating system.

MEMEX

  A conceptual machine that could show the trails of information that its users
  viewed.

menu bar

  A common element in graphic computer interfaces that allows users to select
  options from menus.

Mosaic

  A mouse-driven interface to the World-Wide Web developed by the NCSA.

Motion Pictures Entertainment Group (MPEG)

  A consortium of experts in the entertainment industry that developed the MPEG
  standard format for digital video and audio.

N

National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA)

  A federally-funded organization whose mission is to develop and research
  high-technology resources for the scientific community.

National Science Foundation (NSF)

  A federally-funded organization that manages the NSFnet, which connects every
  major research institution and campus in the United States.

navigation buttons

  Elements within a graphic computer World-Wide Web interface that allow users
  to review the information they have previously seen in a number of ways.

NCSA Collage

  Collaborative (shared whiteboard) software developed by the NCSA.

Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP)

  A common method by which articles over Usenet are transferred.

P

page

  A hypermedia document as viewed through a World-Wide Web browser.

Q

QuickTime

  A digital video format developed by Apple Computer that integrates
  synchronized video and audio with compression techniques.

R

Rich Text Format (RTF)

  A common interchange format for the exchange of electronic documents between
  computers.

S

scroll bar

  A graphic computer interface element that allows the user to scroll
  electronic documents on the computer screen.

server

  A program which provides a service to other client programs.

T

techinfo

  A common campus-wide information system developed at MIT.

Ted Nelson

  The inventor of many common ideas related to hypertext, including the word
  "hypertext" itself.

telnet

  A program which allows users to remotely use computers across networks.

texinfo

  A common campus-wide information system.

Tim Berners-Lee

  The inventor of the World-Wide Web.

U

Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

  A standardized way of representing different documents, media, and network
  services on the World-Wide Web.

Usenet

  The global news-reading network.

V

Vannevar Bush

  Originator of the concept of hypertext.

Veronica

  A network service that allows users to search Gopher systems for documents.

W

webmaster

  The administrator responsible for the management and often design of a
  World-Wide Web site.

whois

  A name lookup service.

Wide-Area Information Servers (WAIS)

  A service which allows users to intelligently search for information among
  databases distributed throughout the Internet.

World-Wide Web

  (World-Wide Web project) The initiative to create a universal,
  hypermedia-based method of access to information. Also used to refer to the
  Internet.

X

X bitmap (XBM)

  A standard two-color bitmap image format supported by the X Windows system.

X.500

  A standard which defines electronic mail directory services. Mostly used in
  Europe.

Xanadu

  A client-server system based on networked hypertext that emphasizes
  electronic publishing and commerce.

XCMD

  A program module that extends HyperCard by giving it new functionality.


About the Author
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Kevin Hughes was a student systems administrator, webmaster, and World-Wide
Web lecturer at Honolulu Community College when he originally wrote this
paper. He now designs hypermedia products at Enterprise Integration
Technologies (EIT) and has done "look and feel" work for CommerceNet,
Internet Shopping Network, and other educational and corporate Web sites.
