Chaco Canyon and the Chaco Phenomenon Sources and Bibliography

Bibliography:

• Benson, Larry & Stein, John & Loose, Richard. “Prehistoric Chaco Canyon, New Mexico: Empty Pilgrimage Center of the Anasazi Hegemony.” 2020, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338448122_Prehistoric_Chaco_Canyon_New_Mexico_Empty_Pilgrimage_Center_of_the_Anasazi_Hegemony 
• Frazier, Kendrick. People of Chaco: A Canyon and Its Culture, Updated and Expanded. W.W. Norton, 2005.
• Friedman, Richard A., et al. “Remote Sensing of Chaco Roads Revisited: Lidar Documentation of the Great North Road, Pueblo Alto Landscape, and Aztec Airport Mesa Road.” Advances in Archaeological Practice, vol. 5, no. 4, 2017, pp. 365–381., doi:10.1017/aap.2017.25.
• Gillespie, William B. “Holocene Climate and Environment of Chaco Canyon” Environment and Subsistence of Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. Frances Joan Mathien, Editor. Publications in Archaeology 18E, Chaco Canyon Studies, National Park Service. U.S. Department of the Interior, Albuquerque, 1985., pp. 13–37. https://www.academia.edu/67969893/Environment_and_Subsistence_of_Chaco_Canyon_New_Mexico 
• Heitman, Carrie C., and Stephen Plog, editors. Chaco Revisited: New Research on the Prehistory of Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. The University of Arizona Press, 2016.
• Kennett, D., Plog, S., George, R. et al. “Archaeogenomic evidence reveals prehistoric matrilineal dynasty.” Nature Communications, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14115
• Lekson, Stephen H., et al. The Chaco Meridian One Thousand Years of Political and Religious Power in the Ancient Southwest. Rowman & Littlefield, 2015.
• Lekson, Stephen H. “What is Chaco Really?” Amerind Free Online Lecture, AmerindFoundation, Saturday, April 24, 2021. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZegLg36W6Hw&t=2155s 
• Munro, Andrew. “The Astronomical Context of the Archaeology and Architecture of the Chacoan Culture.” 2012. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333677810_The_Astronomical_Context_of_the_Archaeology_and_Architecture_of_the_Chacoan_Culture 
• Nash, Stephen. “The Astounding Origins of Chaco Canyon Timber.” Sapiens, April 13, 2023. https://www.sapiens.org/archaeology/chaco-canyon-timber/ 
• Vivian, R. Gwinn, and Bruce Hilpert. The Chaco Handbook: An Encyclopedic Guide. The University Of Utah Press, 2012.

Sound credits:

• Voiceover provided by creator
• Introduction Music

• Cinematic Drums & Choir Voices, by Keith Anthony Holden

• Outtro Music

• Spruce and Pine, by Sander Kalmeijer

Image Sources:

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• URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pueblo_Bonito_-_panoramio_(2).jpg 

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• License: Public Domain
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• Title: Chaco Wash.jpg

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• URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DSC_5948-w.jpg 

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• License: Public Domain
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• License: Public Domain
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• License: Public Domain
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• License: Public Domain
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• Title: Map of Shabik'eshchee Village.png

• License: Public Domain
• URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Shabik%27eshchee_Village.png 

• Title: Shabik’eshchee plan

• License: Courtesy Chaco Research Archive
• URL: http://www.chacoarchive.org/cra/chaco-sites/shabikeshchee/ 

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• License: Public Domain
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• License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Germany license, photo by Andreas F. Borchert
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• Title: Chaco Culture National Historical Park-77.jpg

• License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license
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• Title: Chacoan construction features.png

• License: Public Domain
• URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chacoan_construction_features.png 

• Title: Chacoan small house site by RO.JPG

• License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license
• URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chacoan_small_house_site_by_RO.JPG 

• Title: Bc 56 plan

• License: Courtesy Chaco Research Archive
• URL: http://www.chacoarchive.org/cra/chaco-sites/bc-56/ 

• Title:  Pueblo I period room block with four kivas, McPhee Village, Colorado.

• License: Image courtesy of Scott Van Keuren
• URL: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Pueblo-I-period-room-block-with-four-kivas-McPhee-Village-Colorado_fig3_231754306 

• Title: Chetro Ketl sitemap.png

• License: Public Domain
• URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chetro_Ketl_sitemap.png 

• Title: Pueblo Bonito Aerial Raven (bc87a8a8-2cb8-4758-88ab-36e3b5d617f7).jpg

• License: Public Domain
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• Title: Pueblo del Arroyo - panoramio (2).jpg

• License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license, photo by runt35
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• Title: Chaco Canyon - Chetro Ketl Ruin kivas.JPG

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• Title: Chaco Culture Chetro Ketl CTAYLOR.jpg

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• Title: Bandelier Kiva.jpg

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• Title: Pueblo Bonito building phases

• License: Images by Wesley Bernardini
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• Title: Major ruins of Chaco Canyon.png

• License: Public Domain
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• License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license, photo by MARELBU
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• Title: Chaco Culture National Historic Park-103.jpg

• License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license
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• Title: Chacoan flat roof.png

• License: Public Domain
• URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chacoan_flat_roof.png 

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• Title: Chaco-Ruins,-Detail2.jpg

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• Title: Tilia tomentosa coupe MHNT.jpg

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• License: Public Domain
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• Title: Vivian canal

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• Title: Corn-tassel-honeybees.jpg

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• Title:  Navajo cornfields in Chaco Canyon

• License: Courtesy Chaco Culture National Historical Park Museum Collection
• URL: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Navajo-cornfields-in-Chaco-Canyon-a-field-on-the-margin-of-the-main-floodplain-at_fig6_318848939 

• Title: Tree-ring-based precipitation record for Chaco Canyon

• License: Courtesy of Larry V. Benson
• URL: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Tree-ring-based-precipitation-record-for-Chaco-Canyon-shown-as-a-set-of-different_fig7_225108523 

• Title: Cracked earth near Turkey Flats (29215540003).jpg

• License: Public Domain
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• License: Public Domain
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• Title: Projectile point

• License: Public Domain
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• License: Public Domain
• URL: https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/tool/3wGhSd9t8NrHlA 

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• License: Public Domain
• URL: https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/inlay-pieces/bAEFGLIr4XxrwQ 

• Title: Olla

• License: Public Domain
• URL: https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/olla/NQHTpMxgKcpQEw 

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• License: Public Domain
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• License: Public Domain
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• Title: Copper bell

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• Title: Ancestral Pueblo jars

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• License: Public Domain
• URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Curtis_-_Snake_priest.JPG 

• Title: Beads

• License: Public Domain
• URL: https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/beads/ugGfyQmFdwDrxg 

• Title: Pendant

• License: Public Domain
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• Title: Bead Necklace and Beads

• License: Public Domain
• URL: https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/bead-necklace-and-beads/aAHU3A1CJzL-8A 

• Title: Conch shell 2.jpg

• License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license
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• Title: Atlatl [Spear Thrower] Fragment

• License: Public Domain
• URL: https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/atlatl-spear-thrower-fragment/swHK3HdZb4PLXg 

• Title: Pitcher

• License: Public Domain
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• Title: The diagram illustrates the inferred relationships for at least two pairs of individuals interred in room 33.

• License: Courtesy of T. Harper
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• Title: Aztec Ruins Plan

• License: Courtesy Chaco Research Archive
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• License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license
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• License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license, Attribution: MARELBU
• URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PUEBLO_BONITO_-_Chaco_Culture_National_Historical_Park,_New_Mexico,_US_-_panoramio_(15).jpg 

• Title: Chacoan roads running north from Pueblo Alto.

• License: Public Domain
• URL: https://www.nps.gov/chcu/learn/historyculture/chacoan-roads.htm 

• Title: North Dakota Hwy 40.jpg

• License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license
• URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:North_Dakota_Hwy_40.jpg 

• Title: Exaggerated vertical profile of a section of the North Road detected by lidar that is not visible on the ground

• License: Copyright 2017 © Society for American Archaeology
• URL: https://www.academia.edu/54854733/Remote_Sensing_of_Chaco_Roads_Revisited 

• Title: Chaco-Prehistoric-stairway.jpg

• License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license
• URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chaco-Prehistoric-stairway.jpg 

• Title: Oil well in Rangely, Colorado.JPG

• License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license
• URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oil_well_in_Rangely,_Colorado.JPG 

• Title: Pueblito in Simon Canyon.jpg

• License: Public Domain
• URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pueblito_in_Simon_Canyon.jpg 

• Title: Stack of wood on the Aylestone Meadows - geograph.org.uk - 2918474.jpg

• License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic license, photo by Mat Fascione
• URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stack_of_wood_on_the_Aylestone_Meadows_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2918474.jpg 

• Title: The Lord of the Rings - The Return of the King - The Lighting of the Beacons.png

• License: Copyright New Line Cinema
• URL: https://tolkiengateway.net/wiki/File:The_Lord_of_the_Rings_-_The_Return_of_the_King_-_The_Lighting_of_the_Beacons.png 

• Title: Chimney Rock screenshot

• License: Copyright MECC
• URL: https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2016/09/oregon-trail-card-game-simple-repetitive-and-youll-die-of-dysentery-a-lot/ 

• Title: Chimney Rock National Monument, a 4,726-acre U.S. national monument in San Juan National Forest in southwestern Colorado LCCN2015632916.tif

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• Title: Chimney Rock Great House 360 pano.jpg (CROPPED)

• License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license
• URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chimney_Rock_Great_House_360_pano.jpg 

• Title: Near Huerfano Mountain - Flickr - aspidoscelis.jpg

• License: Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication
• URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Near_Huerfano_Mountain_-_Flickr_-_aspidoscelis.jpg 

• Title: Pueblo Alto Trail - View of Pueblo del Arroyo (8023732776).jpg

• License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic license
• URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pueblo_Alto_Trail_-_View_of_Pueblo_del_Arroyo_(8023732776).jpg 

• Title: Dance at Cochiti Pueblo) - W. Cal. Brown & Co LCCN95522783.tif

• License: Public Domain
• URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dance_at_Cochiti_Pueblo)_-_W._Cal._Brown_%26_Co_LCCN95522783.jpg

• Title: Image taken from page 14 of 'Report of an expedition down the Zuni and Colorado Rivers by Captain L. Sitgreaves (11042155095) (cropped).jpg

• License: Public domain
• URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Image_taken_from_page_14_of_%27Report_of_an_expedition_down_the_Zuni_and_Colorado_Rivers_by_Captain_L._Sitgreaves_(11042155095)_(cropped).jpg 

• Title: Chaco Culture National Historical Park-104.jpg

• License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license
• URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chaco_Culture_National_Historical_Park-104.jpg 

• Title: sun dagger

• License: Diagram by Christopher A. Klein (National Geographic Art Division)
• URL: https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=1064038393638890&set=pcb.1064045820304814 

• Title: Great Kiva at Chimney Rock Colorado.JPG

• License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license
• URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Kiva_at_Chimney_Rock_Colorado.JPG 

• Title: Chimney Rock Colorado.jpg

• License: Public Domain
• URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chimney_Rock_Colorado.jpg 

• Title: Kiva Stars (29010486558).jpg

• License: CC BY 2.0, photo by John Fowler
• URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kiva_Stars_(29010486558).jpg 

• Title: Casa Rinconada site plan

• License: Courtesy of Andrew Munro
• URL: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Casa-Rinconada-site-plan-Adapted-from-Malville-Putnam-1993-37-after-Williamson_fig9_333677810 

• Title: Codex Mendoza folio 67r bottom.jpg

• License: Public Domain
• URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Codex_Mendoza_folio_67r_bottom.jpg 

• Title: View of Pyramid of the Moon from Pyramid of the Sun, Teotihuacan.jpg

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• URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:View_of_Pyramid_of_the_Moon_from_Pyramid_of_the_Sun,_Teotihuacan.jpg 

• Title: Aztec Diet Basket of Corn (9755321556).jpg

• License: Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication
• URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aztec_Diet_Basket_of_Corn_(9755321556).jpg 

• Title: Chaco Reconstruction

• License: Image by NPS
• URL: https://www.livescience.com/chaco-canyon-famous-tree-of-life-mystery.html 

• Title: Hungo Pavi Great House view of Fajada Butte.jpg

• License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license
• URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hungo_Pavi_Great_House_view_of_Fajada_Butte.jpg 

• Title: Los Matachines de Ohkay Owingeh.jpg

• License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license, photo by Larry1732
• URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Los_Matachines_de_Ohkay_Owingeh.jpg 

• Title: The American Museum journal (c1900-(1918)) (18156700052).jpg

• License: no known copyright restrictions
• URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_American_Museum_journal_(c1900-(1918))_(18156700052).jpg 

• Title: Edward S. Curtis, Maiden and matron, 1905.jpg

• License: Public Domain
• URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Edward_S._Curtis,_Maiden_and_matron,_1905.jpg 

• Title: Hopi, Watching the Dancers.jpg

• License: Public Domain
• URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hopi,_Watching_the_Dancers.jpg 

• Title: Photo of the Chaco Meridian

• License: Own photo
• URL: No URL

• Title: Sunset on a Culture.jpg

• License: Public Domain
• URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sunset_on_a_Culture.jpg 

• Title: Chaco Culture National Historical Park-96.jpg

• License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license
• URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chaco_Culture_National_Historical_Park-96.jpg 

• Title: McElmo style masonry at Kin Kletso by RO.JPG

• License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license
• URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:McElmo_style_masonry_at_Kin_Kletso_by_RO.JPG 

• Title: Kin Kletso plan

• License: Courtesy Chaco Research Archive
• URL: http://www.chacoarchive.org/cra/chaco-sites/kin-kletso/ 

• Title: New Alto plan

• License: Courtesy Chaco Research Archive
• URL: http://www.chacoarchive.org/cra/chaco-sites/new-alto/ 

• Title: Hungo Pavi plan

• License: Courtesy Chaco Research Archive
• URL: http://www.chacoarchive.org/cra/chaco-sites/hungo-pavi/ 

• Title: Annual report of the Bureau of ethnology to the secretary of the Smithsonian Institution (1904) (14594587857).jpg

• License: Public Domain
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• Title: Navajo Indian horseman on his horse at the races, ca.1900 (CHS-3266).jpg

• License: Public Domain
• URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Navajo_Indian_horseman_on_his_horse_at_the_races,_ca.1900_(CHS-3266).jpg 

• Title: Aztec Ruins National Monument, New Mexico, US (57).jpg

• License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Attribution: Judson McCranie
• URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aztec_Ruins_National_Monument,_New_Mexico,_US_(57).jpg 

• Title: Fajada Butte at night.jpg (0dac0955-f372-4930-ad7b-389878dde858).jpg

• License: Public Domain
• URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fajada_Butte_at_night.jpg_(0dac0955-f372-4930-ad7b-389878dde858).jpg 

• Title: sun dagger

• License: Copyright Solstice Project
• URL: https://bloximages.newyork1.vip.townnews.com/santafenewmexican.com/content/tncms/assets/v3/editorial/0/42/04253146-57d0-5274-b6a9-7305f44cce5b/58f9216ba02c8.image.jpg?resize=382%2C500 

• Title: Indiansk bågskytt. Foto, Erland Nordenskiöld 1908 - SMVK - 004708.tif

• License: Public Domain
• URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Indiansk_b%C3%A5gskytt._Foto,_Erland_Nordenski%C3%B6ld_1908_-_SMVK_-_004708.tif 

• Title: Borrala.JPG

• License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license
• URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Borrala.JPG 

• Title: Llama at Machu Picchu and Waynapicchu.jpg

• License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license
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